![]() ![]() Appreciate the effects of flaps and other high-lift devices.Know some of the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoil sections, both in attached flow and with flow separation, and how these characteristics change at different Reynolds and Mach numbers.Be conversant with the various definitions of aerodynamic forces and moments, as well as lift coefficient, drag coefficient, lift-curve slope, maximum lift coefficient, aerodynamic center, and center of pressure.Furthermore, this approach makes it possible to isolate the other more complicated and interrelated effects associated with the finite span of a wing, including the impact of the wing tip vortices and other aerodynamic effects caused by sweepback, twist, planform (chord) variations, and other things. While the concept of a “two-dimensional” wing section may initially sound somewhat artificial, it is possible to mimic a wing of infinite aspect ratio, both experimentally and theoretically, and obtain aerodynamic results that pertain only to the shape of the airfoil section itself. ![]() Such two-dimensional airfoils are equivalent to wings of infinite span and aspect ratio. However, before examining the characteristics of finite wings, i.e., three-dimensional wings with finite span and perhaps with twist and planform taper, it is prudent to investigate the aerodynamic characteristics of two-dimensional airfoil sections. The magnitude of the lift and drag forces depends on many factors, including the size and shape of the body and its orientation to the flow, as well as the Reynolds number (based on a characteristic length) and free-stream Mach number. The force component on the body in a direction parallel to the relative wind direction is called the drag. By definition, the component of this force that acts on the body in a direction perpendicular to the relative free-stream flow or “relative wind direction” is called the lift. Any body shape that is moved through a fluid will create some form of fluid-dynamic force upon it. Understanding the aerodynamic behavior of airfoils and wings is a significant part of the practice of aerospace engineering, and this understanding is critical to the successful design of all aircraft. 25 Aerodynamics of Airfoil Sections Introduction ![]()
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